I. Cov khoom siv substrate
1.1 Cov
1.1.1 Thermoset Resin
Resin yog lub ntsiab lus dav dav rau polymers. Cov resin thiab nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom siv lub cev muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev ua, kev tsim khoom thiab cov khoom kawg ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw. Thermoset resin yog ntau haiv neeg thiab dav siv ntawm txhua tus neeg tsim cov ntaub ntawv. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los cam khwb cia los yog tsim rau hauv ib qho duab, yog sib xws nrog feem ntau lwm yam ntaub ntawv, thiab kho tau yooj yim (los ntawm tshav kub los yog catalysts) rau ib tug insoluble khoom. Thermoset resin kuj yog ib qho zoo heev nplaum thiab sib txuas tus neeg sawv cev.
1.1.2 Polyester Resin
Polyester resin yog ib qho pheej yig thiab yooj yim rau kev ua cov resin uas feem ntau siv rau hauv daim ntawv thov nqi qis. Tsawg pa luam yeeb polyester resin yog siv rau sab hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub dav hlau. Fiber-reinforced polyester tuaj yeem ua tiav ntau txoj hauv kev. Cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm feem ntau suav nrog kev sib txuam hlau pwm tsim, ntub dej lamination (nqus hnab) sib sau, txhaj tshuaj molding, fiber ntau winding, pultrusion, thiab siab zog.
1.1.3 Vinyl Ester Cov Khoom
Vinyl ester resin muaj qhov zoo ib yam, tuav cov khoom, thiab kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov pa roj hmab li polyester resins. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab txhua yam khoom ntawm vinyl ester composites tau txhim kho ntau dua li cov qauv polyester resin composites.
1.1.4 Phenolic cob
Phenolic resin yog thawj zaug siv nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo. Urea formaldehyde thiab melamine formaldehyde tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1920s thiab 1930s raws li tus nqi qis dua rau kev siv kub tsawg. Phenolic resin yog siv rau cov khoom siv sab hauv vim nws cov pa luam yeeb tsawg thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nplaim taws tsawg.
1.1.5 Epoxy cob
Epoxy resin yog polymerizable thermosetting resin uas muaj ntau yam viscosities los ntawm cov kua mus rau cov khoom. Nrog ntau hom epoxy resin, tus kws kho mob yuav tsum siv phau ntawv saib xyuas kom xaiv hom raug rau ib qho kev kho. Epoxy resin yog dav siv nyob rau hauv prepregs thiab structural adhesives. Qhov zoo ntawm epoxies yog lub zog siab thiab cov qauv, cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj suab nrov, zoo adhesion, qis shrinkage, zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab yooj yim ntawm kev ua. Nws qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb yog fragility thiab degradation ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm noo noo. Epoxy resin ua haujlwm qeeb qeeb lossis kho dua li polyester resin. Cov txheej txheem ua tiav suav nrog autoclave molding, fiber ntau winding, molding, nqus hnab, resin hloov molding thiab pultrusion molding. Qhov kub thiab txias ntawm chav tsev kub txog li 350 degree F (180 degree). Qhov kub kho ntau tshaj plaws yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 250 degree thiab 350 degree F (120-180 degree ). Raws li pom hauv daim duab 10.
Daim duab 10: Ob qho tib si ntub dej epoxy dispenser layup tshuab nrog twj
1.1.6 Polyimide cob
Polyimide resin excels nyob rau hauv high-temperature ib puag ncig, qhov twg nws tshav kub tsis kam, oxidative stability, tsis tshua muaj coefficient ntawm thermal expansion, thiab hnyav kuj pab tsim. Nws cov kev siv tseem ceeb yog Circuit Court boards, cua sov cav thiab airframe lug. Polyimide resin tuaj yeem yog thermoset resin lossis thermoplastic. Lub polyimide resin yuav tsum tau kub curing kub, feem ntau yog tshaj 550 degree F (290 degree). Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv epoxy composite bagging tsis muaj, thiab cov cuab yeej steel ua ib qho tseem ceeb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau siv cov hnab ntim polyimide thiab tso cov yeeb yaj kiab xws li Kapton®. upilex® es tsis txhob qis nqi nylon tes tsho thiab polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tso cov yeeb yaj kiab yog ib qho txheej txheem rau kev ua epoxy composite.
Fiberglass topping vim qhov qis melting point ntawm polyester fibers yuav tsum tau hloov nrog ib tug dischargeable breathable khoom raws li ib tug ntaub pua chaw pw.
1.1.7 Polybenzimidazole cob (PBI)
PBI yog siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kub resistant vim nws qhov kub thiab txias tsis kam. Cov resin yog siv los ua cov nplaum thiab fibers.
1.1.8 Bismaleimide Resin (BMI)
BMI muaj qhov kub thiab txias dua thiab muaj zog dua li epoxy resins thiab muaj kev ua tau zoo hauv ob qho tib si ambient thiab siab kub. BMI tau ua tiav zoo ib yam li epoxy resins. BMI yog siv nyob rau hauv aero-engines thiab high-temperature Cheebtsam. bMIs yog tsim rau cov txheej txheem kub xovxwm tuaj yeem ua, txhaj tshuaj molding, resin cam khwb cia molding, thiab molded composite molding (SMC), thiab lwm yam.
1.1.9 Thermoplastic cob
Cov ntaub ntawv thermoplastic tuaj yeem ua kom mos dua los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias dua thiab rov ua dua los ntawm kev txo qis. Kev ceev ceev yog qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv thermoplastic. Tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab mob tshwm sim thaum ua, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem molded lossis extruded thaum muag muag.
1.1.10 Semi-crystalline Thermoplastics
Semi-crystalline thermoplastics muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ruaj khov, zoo dua toughness, zoo kub thiab tom qab cuam tshuam txhua yam khoom, thiab tsis tshua muaj noo noo nqus. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv theem nrab thiab thawj aircraft qauv. Ua ke nrog cov fibers reinforcing, lawv tuaj yeem siv rau kev txhaj tshuaj molding tebchaw, compression molded random nplooj ntawv, unidirectional pwm, prepregs ua los ntawm prepreg tows (prepregs), thiab ntaub prepregs. Fibers impregnated nyob rau hauv semicrystalline thermoplastics muaj xws li carbon fibers, nickel-plated carbon, aramid, iav fibers, quartz, thiab lwm yam.
1.1.11 Amorphous Thermoplastics
Amorphous thermoplastics muaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntawm lub cev, nrog rau cov yeeb yaj kiab, filaments, thiab hmoov. Ua ke nrog cov fibers reinforcing, lawv kuj tau siv rau hauv kev txhaj tshuaj molded composites, compression moldable random nplooj ntawv, unidirectional roj hmab pwm, woven prepregs, thiab lwm yam. Cov fibers siv feem ntau yog carbon, aramid thiab iav fibers. Qhov tshwj xeeb zoo ntawm amorphous thermoplastics nyob ntawm cov polymer. Feem ntau, cov resins paub txog lawv qhov yooj yim ntawm kev ua, ceev, siab kub muaj peev xwm, zoo mechanical zog, zoo heev toughness thiab tej lub zog, thiab tshuaj stability. Qhov kev ruaj ntseg ua rau lub neej tsis muaj kev txwv, tshem tawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom txias txias ntawm thermoset prepregs.
1.1.12 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
PEEK yog cov thermoplastic siab kub. Cov khoom siv uas muaj ntxhiab ketone no muaj cov cua kub zoo heev thiab cov yam ntxwv combustion thiab tiv taus ntau yam kuab tshuaj thiab cov kua dej muaj kuab heev. PEEK kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhawb nqa iav thiab carbon fibers.
1.2 Kho cov theem ntawm Resins
Thermosetting resin yog kho nrog tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Muaj peb theem ntawm kev kho, hu ua A, B thiab C.
-Theem A: Cov khoom siv cob (substrate thiab hardener) tau sib xyaw, tab sis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem tsis tau pib. Thaum ntub dej, cov resin yog nyob rau theem A.
- Theem B: Cov khoom siv cob tau sib xyaw thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau pib. Cov khoom ua tuab thiab nplaum. Cov resin ntawm prepreg yog nyob rau theem B. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev kho ntxiv, cov resin muab tso rau hauv lub freezer ntawm 0 degree F. Hauv lub xeev khov, cov resin ntawm prepreg nyob rau theem B. Kev kho pib thaum cov khoom raug tshem tawm ntawm lub tub yees thiab rov ua dua.
- Theem C: Cov resin tau kho tag nrho. Qee cov resins kho nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, lwm tus yuav tsum tau kub curing cycles kom tag nrho thiab txaus kho.
1.3 Prepregs
Prepreg muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm matrix thiab reinforcing fibers. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv unidirectional (ib qho kev qhia ntxiv) thiab hauv daim ntawv laminated (ntau cov lus qhia ntxiv). Tag nrho tsib lub ntsiab matrix resin tsev neeg tuaj yeem siv los impregnate ntau hom fiber ntau. Cov resins tom qab ntawd tsis nyob rau theem qis viscosity, tab sis tau nce mus rau qib B kho kom zoo dua qub. Cov khoom lag luam hauv qab no muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv prepreg: unidirectional roj hmab pwm, cov khoom siv fiber ntau, txuas txuas txuas ntxiv thiab txiav cov mats. Prepregs yuav tsum tau muab khaws cia rau hauv lub tub yees qis dua 0 degree F kom txo cov txheej txheem kho. Prepregs yog kho ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Ntau prepregs siv nyob rau hauv aerospace yog impregnated nrog epoxy resins uas kho ntawm 250 degree F los yog 350 degree F. Prepregs yog kho nyob rau hauv autoclaves, qhov cub los yog pam vov kub. Lawv feem ntau yuav thiab muab khaws cia rau hauv lub hnab yas kaw yob kom tsis txhob muaj dej paug. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 11.
Daim duab 11: Adhesive Film thiab Fabric Prepreg
1.4 Cov ntaub ntawv fiber ntau qhuav
Cov ntaub ntawv fiber ntau qhuav, xws li carbon fiber, iav fiber ntau thiab kevlar®, yog siv hauv ntau cov txheej txheem kho dav hlau. Cov ntaub qhuav yog impregnated nrog resin ua ntej kev kho pib. Cov txheej txheem no feem ntau hu ua ntub lamination. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem ntub dej yog tias cov fibers thiab cov resin tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv chav sov rau lub sijhawm ntev. Cov khoom sib xyaw tuaj yeem kho tau ntawm chav tsev kub lossis kho tau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias kom ceev cov txheej txheem kho thiab ua kom muaj zog. Qhov tsis zoo yog tias cov txheej txheem ntxhov siab thiab cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv yog qis dua li cov prepreg. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 12.
Daim duab 12: Cov ntaub ntawv qhuav (los saum toj mus rau hauv qab: cov khoom siv tiv thaiv hluav taws xob txhuas, kevlar®, iav fiber ntau thiab carbon fiber)
1.5 Auxiliaries (thixotropic agents)
Auxiliaries (thixotropic agents) yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug gel thaum so thiab ua kua thaum stirred. Cov ntaub ntawv no muaj lub zog zoo li qub shear thiab tsis tshua muaj zog shear zog thaum poob viscosity nyob rau hauv kev ntxhov siab.
II. Adhesives
2.1 Zaj duab xis nplaum
Cov nplaum nplaum rau kev siv aerospace feem ntau yog muab rau hauv daim ntawv ua yeeb yaj kiab, txhawb nqa ntawm daim ntawv tso tawm, thiab khaws cia hauv cov tub yees txias ({{0}} degree , lossis 0 degree F). Cov nplaum zaj duab xis tuaj yeem siv qhov kub thiab txias uas muaj ntxhiab amines lossis catalyzed curing agents nrog ntau hom flexibilizers thiab tougheners. Roj hmab toughened epoxy zaj duab xis nplaum yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam aerospace. Qhov ntsuas kub siab tshaj ntawm 121-177 degree (250-350 degree F) feem ntau yog nyob ntawm qhov kev xav tau ntawm toughening thiab tag nrho cov kev xaiv ntawm resin thiab hardener. Feem ntau, toughened resins ua rau qis kev pabcuam kub. Cov khoom siv zaj duab xis feem ntau yog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm fibers los txhim kho kev tuav ntawm zaj duab xis ua ntej kho, tswj cov nplaum nplaum thaum lub sij hawm sib txuas, thiab pab tswj cov thickness ntawm bondline. Cov fibers tuaj yeem ua rau hauv randomly oriented staple mats lossis rau hauv cov ntaub npuag. Cov fibers feem ntau yog polyester, polyamide (nylon) thiab iav fibers. Adhesives uas muaj woven fabrics yuav muaj ib tug me ntsis ib puag ncig degradation vim dej absorbed los ntawm fibers. Random matting tsis zoo li cov ntaub npuag hauv kev tswj cov yeeb yaj kiab tuab vim tias cov fibers tsis txwv txav thaum lub sij hawm sib txuas. Spunlace nonwoven fabrics tsis txav thiab yog li siv dav. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 13 thiab 14.
Daim duab 13: Siv cov nplaum nplaum, Kevlar®, iav Fiber thiab Carbon Fiber
Daim duab 14: Adhesive film
2.2 Adhesives
Adhesives yog siv los hloov cov nplaum zaj duab xis. Cov no feem ntau yog siv rau kev sib txuas ntxiv los kho qhov puas ntawm thaj ua rau thaj thiab hauv thaj chaw uas cov nplaum nplaum nyuaj rau kev thov. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm epoxy resins, ib tug muab tshuaj txhuam yog tsuas yog siv los ua raws li cov qauv binder. Ib feem thiab ob feem tshuab muaj. Qhov zoo ntawm cov nplaum nplaum yog tias lawv tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv chav tsev kub thiab muaj lub neej txee ntev. Qhov tsis zoo yog tias lub thickness ntawm bondline yog nyuaj rau tswj, uas cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm daim ntawv cog lus.
Thaum siv cov nplaum nplaum, nws tuaj yeem khaws cov ntaub nplaum thaum lub sij hawm sib txuas. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 15.
Daim duab 15: Adhesives
2.3 Ua Npuas Ncauj Adhesive
Feem ntau cov nplaum nplaum yog {{0}} 025-inch mus rau 0.10-inch tuab Class B epoxy resins. Cov nplaum nplaum kho ntawm 250 degree F (121 degree) lossis 350 degree F (176 degree). Thaum lub sij hawm kho lub voj voog, cov ntaub nplaum nplaum nthuav tawm. Ua npuas ncauj nplaum yuav tsum tau muab cia rau hauv lub tub yees thiab, zoo li prepregs, lawv muaj qhov txwv cia lub neej. Hauv kev kho ua ntej, cov nplaum nplaum nplaum yog siv los sib txuas mus rau lub honeycomb hauv cov qauv sandwich thiab kho hauv cov tub ntxhais uas twb muaj lawm. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 16.
Daim duab 16: Siv Foam Adhesive
III. Kev piav qhia ntawm Sandwich Structure (Kev piav qhia ntawm Sandwich Structure)
Txoj kev xav, kev tsim vaj huam sib luag yog ib lub tswv yim vaj huam sib luag uas muaj ob qho tib si nyias, sib npaug ntawm cov ntsej muag sib cais los ntawm cov tuab tuab lossis lub teeb. Cov tub ntxhais txhawb lub ntsej muag tiv thaiv kev khoov thiab tiv thaiv tus kheej-planar shear loads. Cov tub ntxhais yuav tsum muaj siab shear zog thiab compressive nruj. Composite sandwich qauv feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm autoclave curing, xovxwm curing los yog lub tshuab nqus tsev kho mob. Cov tawv nqaij lamination tuaj yeem kho ua ntej thiab tom qab ntawd ua ke hauv kev sib koom ua ke, lossis ua ke ntawm ob txoj hauv kev. Piv txwv ntawm cov qauv honeycomb yog: tis spoilers, talc, ailerons, flaps, nacelles, pem teb, thiab rudders. Raws li pom hauv daim duab 17.
Daim duab 17: Honeycomb sandwich qauv
IV. Kev ua tau zoo
Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv ntawm aluminium thiab composite laminate cov qauv, lub bending txhav ntawm sandwich lug yog siab heev. Feem ntau cov honeycombs yog anisotropic, piv txwv li, cov khoom yog taw qhia. Qhov zoo ntawm kev siv cov qauv honeycomb yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 18. Kev ua kom cov tub ntxhais thickness zoo heev ua rau kom nruj ntawm cov qauv honeycomb nrog qhov hnyav tsawg. Vim lub siab nruj ntawm cov qauv honeycomb, tsis tas yuav siv cov hardboards sab nraud, xws li nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm cov kab teeb.
Daim duab 18: Lub zog thiab nruj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv honeycomb sandwich piv rau cov khoom lamination muaj nuj nqis