Tam sim no, cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm plaub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv nrog cov khoom siv hlau, cov ntaub ntawv polymer, thiab cov khoom siv tsis muaj hlau tsis muaj -cov ntaub ntawv hlau. Qib ntawm ib lub teb chaws cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw kev lag luam tau dhau los ua qhov taw qhia tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, thev naus laus zis, thiab kev lag luam muaj zog. Cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua tau zoo yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib tw zoo rau lub teb chaws kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev lag luam. Nws tau kwv yees tias los ntawm 2020, tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw yuav muaj peev xwm ua tiav 20% -25% kev txhim kho.
1. Kev siv hauv cov qauv siv dav hlau fuselage
Cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua tau zoo yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv thawj zaug -cov kabmob thiab cov khoom thauj khoom thib ob-cov kabmob, muab cov tawv tawv thiab lub zog piv rau lossis dhau ntawm cov aluminium alloys. Cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no tau siv dav hauv kev tsim cov qauv dav hlau fuselage thiab cov tsheb me me tsis muaj neeg tsav dav hlau (UAV) kev sib xyaw ua ke. Tebchaws Asmeskas tau txais kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua thiab cov dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua.Nyob rau xyoo 1960, Tebchaws Asmeskas thawj zaug siv cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau -cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (CFRP) hauv cov tub rog dav hlau rau cov khoom xws li cov qhov rooj hauv tsev, cov vaj huam sib luag, kev ncaj ncees, thiab kev tswj qhov chaw (xws li, ailerons thiab rudder). tsis yog-load{12}}cov kev cai bearing. Los ntawm thaum ntxov 1980s, composites tau nce mus rau tail Cheebtsam xws li ntsug thiab kab rov tav stabilizers (secondary load-bearing structures), raws li pom nyob rau hauv dav hlau xws li F-15, F-16, F-18, Mirage compositer 2004, thiab Mirage 2000. limit.Los ntawm lub xyoo 1980s, plaub tiam neeg sib ntaus sib tua zoo li F-22 thiab F-35 JSF tau pib sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv cov qauv thauj khoom loj xws li tis thiab fuselages, ua kom muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv cov tub rog dav hlau. Kev siv cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw tau nce ntxiv (Table 1-2), tam sim no suav txog 20% -50% ntawm cov qauv tsim hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub no.
Lub tuam txhab British ICI tau siv GF/PA (zoo li iav fiber ntau- siv zog polyamide) los tsim cov li qub rau cov dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua, kom ntseeg tau tias cov li qub no tswj kev ua tau zoo thiab qhov ruaj khov txawm tias tom qab ntev raug rau roj thoob plaws qhov kub thiab txias. Du Pont kuj tau siv cov khoom siv xws li GF, KF / PA, thiab PPS (polyphenylene sulfide) los tsim cov khoom siv rau cov tub rog dav hlau.
Noj thib plaub- tiam F/A-22 tus neeg tua rog ua piv txwv, cov khoom sib xyaw suav txog 24.2% ntawm nws cov khoom siv. Ntawm cov no, thermosetting composites ua 23.8%, thaum thermoplastic composites kwv yees li 0.4%. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 70% ntawm cov thermosetting composites yog raws li bismaleimide (BMI) resin, siv los tsim ntau tshaj 200 hom complex Cheebtsam. Cov khoom siv thermosetting tseem tshuav feem ntau yog epoxy resin-raws li kev sib xyaw, nrog rau kev siv cyanate ester ntxiv thiab cov khoom siv thermoplastic resin{13}}raws li cov khoom sib xyaw. Cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb muaj xws li tis, nruab nrab ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv, thav duab, thiab ntu ntu.
Tub rog rotorcraft kuj tseem siv cov khoom sib xyaw. Piv txwv li, V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft ntiav cov khoom sib xyaw rau ntau dua 40% ntawm nws cov qauv tsim, suav nrog lub fuselage, tis, tail, thiab kev sib hloov tshuab, tag nrho ntau dua 3,000 kg ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw. Qhov tseeb European Eurocopter Tiger nres nyoob hoom qav taub nta cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw hauv 80% ntawm nws cov khoom siv, ze rau lub dav hlau sib xyaw ua ke. Hauv qhov sib piv, cov tub rog thauj cov dav hlau siv cov khoom sib xyaw tsawg dua -C-17 ntawm 8% thiab C-130J tsuas yog 2% - txawm hais tias Airbus A400M cov tub rog thauj khoom suav nrog txhua qhov sib xyaw tis, nrog cov khoom sib xyaw sawv cev 35% ntawm nws cov qauv tsim thaum khoob.
Nyob rau hauv pej xeem aviation, thaum ntxov 1980s US - ua ib leeg - tus tsav lub hnub qub 舟 lub teeb aircraft muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm ib ncig ntawm 1,800 kg, nrog composites tshaj 1,200 kg. Lub 1986 Voyager lub teeb dav hlau, nrog ntau dua 90% ntawm nws cov qauv ua los ntawm cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau, tau teeb tsa lub ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv rau qhov tsis muaj -nres, cuaj- hnub tsis tu ncua nyob ib ncig ntawm - lub ntiaj teb ya davhlau. Niaj hnub no, kev sib tw ntawm aerospace giants Boeing thiab Airbus tau nce ntxiv, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke (Daim duab 1-2).
Txhawm rau tsim thawj tag nrho -composite 787 lub dav hlau fuselage, Boeing tau txais kev tso kawm fiber ntau zoo ib yam li siv los ntawm Raytheon. Cov txheej txheem tsim ib qho kev sib xyaw fuselage ntsuas ntsuas 7 meters ntev thiab 6 meters dav. Cov qauv no tau tsim los siv Automatic Fiber Placement (AFP) thev naus laus zis ntawm kev sib hloov loj loj. Lub mandrel tau ua ntej- tshuab nrog grooves txuam nrog cov duab thiab qhov ntev ntawm lub fuselage stringers thiab longons. Preformed stringers thiab kab teeb (ua los ntawm carbon fiber prepreg txheej thiab siab-kho) tau muab tso rau hauv cov grooves ua ntej winding. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom, lub mandrel tig raws nws cov axis, tso cai rau cov fiber ntau txuas ntxiv mus rau lub pwm los tsim lub plhaub fuselage, nrog lub qhov rais qhib sab laug unlaid. Lub plhaub fuselage, nrog rau cov kab teeb thiab stringers, ces autoclave -kho los tsim ib tug monolithic composite fuselage seem, uas tom qab demolded raws li cov khoom kawg.
Lub Boeing 787's composite fuselage seem tsis yog tsuas yog lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws filament -mob fuselage tivthaiv tab sis kuj tau lees paub tias yog lub nkoj loj tshaj plaws carbon fiber ntau puas tau tsim. Cov khoom sib xyaw tshwj xeeb lub zog tensile / hoop lub zog ua rau nws tuaj yeem tiv taus siab dua hauv tsev, tuav lub siab sab hauv sib npaug rau qhov siab ntawm 6,000 feet (1,830 meters)-piv rau 7,000–9,000 ko taw nyob rau hauv pa ya dav hlau improving{12}. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom sib xyaw tiv thaiv corrosion (qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov hlau airframes), tso cai rau cov av noo nyob ruaj khov ntawm 10-15% (piv rau 5-10% hauv cov hlau fuselages), ntxiv dag zog rau kev nplij siab.
Raws li kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis, Airbus tau hloov kho tshiab rau A{10}}350, renaming nws A-350 XWB (Extra Wide Body). Lub dav hlau tau nce nws cov khoom siv sib xyaw los ntawm thawj 40% mus rau 52%. A-350 XWB's fuselage is 13 cm wider than the 787's, enabling a 9-abreast seat configuration in high-density layouts (piv rau 787's siab tshaj plaws ntawm 8-abreast). Zoo li 787, A-350 XWB yuav tswj lub cabin siab ntawm qhov siab-sib npaug ntawm 6,000 feet.
Thaum Lub Rau Hli 14, 2013, Airbus tau ua tiav lub dav hlau dav hlau tshiab ntawm nws lub dav hlau tshiab - lub dav hlau A350 XWB, ua rau lwm qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam dav hlau thoob ntiaj teb tom qab Boeing's B-787 "Dreamliner." A350 XWB thiab B-787 siv 52% thiab 50% cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua ke, uas qhia txog lub sijhawm tshiab hauv kev tsim kho aerospace.
Lub 555- rooj A-380, lub dav hlau loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, tau ua tiav qhov kev ua tau zoo hauv keeb kwm dav hlau los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv (CFRP). Cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua ke yog 25% ntawm lub dav hlau loj, nrog 22% yog CFRP thiab 3% yog GLARE fiber-hlau laminate (ib txheej hybrid ntawm txhuas thiab iav fiber ntau sib xyaw), tom kawg yog thawj zaug siv hauv cov dav hlau dav hlau. CFRP Cheebtsam muaj xws li: ceev nres, ntsug thiab kab rov tav stabilizers (ob npaug li roj tso tsheb hlau luam), elevators, ailerons, flap spoilers, tsaws iav qhov rooj, fairings, ntsug tail fin thawv, sab hauv pem teb beams, rear siab bulkheads, rear fuselage seem, thiab horizon.
Ua raws li A-340 tus pioneering siv carbon fiber rau keel beam thiab composite rear siab bulkheads - tsoo tsoos tsim teeb meem -A-380 ntxiv kev sib tw engineering cov qauv los ntawm kev siv CFRP rau nws lub tis nruab nrab lub thawv (sib txuas lub tis). Qhov kev tsim kho tshiab no ib leeg txo qhov hnyav los ntawm 1.5 metric tons piv rau qib siab aluminium alloys. CFRP qhov hnyav txuag, ua ke nrog kev qaug zog thiab kev tiv thaiv corrosion, txhim kho roj efficiency los ntawm 13% ntawm cov qauv sib tw thiab txo qis emissions. A-380 tau dhau los ua thawj lub dav hlau ntev ntev kom ua tiav hauv qab 3 litre roj ib tus neeg caij tsheb ib 100 km, nrog rau cov nqi khiav lag luam 15-20% qis dua lub dav hlau ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm.
Dassault Aviation's Falcon 7X lub dav hlau ua lag luam, muaj peev xwm caij nkoj ntawm 12,000 meters nrog qhov ceev tshaj plaws ntawm Mach 0.8, haum rau 8 tus neeg caij tsheb thiab boasts thaj tsam ntawm 10,560 km (5,700 nautical mais). Raytheon's Beechcraft Premier 1 lub teeb dav hlau nce mus txog qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm 835 km / h nrog thaj tsam ntawm 2,759 km- ob qho tib si muaj kev tshaj lij tag nrho -cov fuselages.
Nyiv lub dav hlau thauj tshiab, ALELEX, kuj suav nrog cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau.
Tuam Tshoj kuj tseem siv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke hauv kev tsim dav hlau thiab tsim khoom. Piv txwv li, QY8911 / HT3 bismaleimide unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg thiab cov khoom siv sib xyaw tsim thiab tsim los ntawm Beijing Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology Research Institute tau siv rau cov khoom xws li rau pem hauv ntej fuselage seem, ntsug tail stabilizer, sab nrauv tis panels, spoilers ncaj ncees, thiab streamlines. PEEK / AS4C thermoplastic resin unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg thiab cov khoom sib xyaw tsim los ntawm Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials nthuav tawm tshwj xeeb tawg toughness, dej tsis kam, kev laus ua haujlwm, nplaim hluav taws kub, thiab qaug zog ua haujlwm. Tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb-cov kabmob dav hlau cov qauv, cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntev -lub sijhawm ntawm 120℃thiab tau siv rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm aircraft tsaws iav bay panels.
Cov tub rog Suav lub dav hlau "Flying Leopard," uas suav nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj carbon fiber ntau, muaj qhov ntev ntawm kwv yees li 22.3 meters, lub tisspan ntawm 12.7 meters, qhov siab tshaj plaws takeoff hnyav ntawm 28.4 tons, lub siab tshaj plaws sab nraud payload muaj peev xwm ntawm 6.5 tons, sab saum toj ceev ntawm Mach 1.70, thiab ferry ntau yam ntawm 600 km. Nrog rau kev muaj peev xwm sib ntaus sib tua tshaj cov Jaguar, Tornado, thiab Su-24 lub dav hlau, Flying Leopard qhia cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam nrog cov dav hlau thib peb.
2. Kev siv cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke hauv Aircraft Stealth
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los no, cov kev vam meej tseem ceeb tau ua nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm stealth composite cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog evolved mus rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm "thinness, lightness, broadband (spectral) absorption, thiab lub zog (kev cuam tshuam tsis kam, siab -kub tsis kam)." carbon fiber-cov ntaub ntawv siv zog ntxiv tsis yog {3} cov khoom siv hnyav thiab cov khoom siv tseem ceeb xwb. stealth functionality. Piv txwv li, CF / PEEK lossis CF / PPS pom zoo heev broadband absorption kev ua tau zoo, zoo nqus radar nthwv dej. Tebchaws Asmeskas tau pib siv cov ntaub ntawv stealth hauv dav hlau, nrog rau F-117 thiab F-22 yog cov coated hnyav tshaj plaws. Lub stealth txheej ntawm F-117 yog qhov nyuaj heev, suav nrog txog xya yam khoom sib txawv.
Tus qauv tseem ceeb ntawm US F-22 supersonic fighter siv nruab nrab -modulus carbon fiber- txhawb nqa tshwj xeeb engineering yas. Ib yam li ntawd, Mirage III fighter lub deceleration parachute npog thiab ejection lub rooj zaum yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no, uas tau ua tiav siv rau radar{10}}absorbing qhov chaw xws li aircraft tav, tawv, connectors, thiab fasteners. Lub Tomahawk cruise missile casing, airframe substrate ntawm B-2 stealth bomber, thiab seem ntawm F-117A stealth aircraft kuj siv carbon fiber-hloov polymer radar-absorbing cov ntaub ntawv.
Nyob rau xyoo 2000, US Air Force tau hloov kho F-117's stealth cov ntaub ntawv, hloov cov thawj xya- txheej txheej nrog ib qho khoom siv. Qhov no hloov cov txheej txheem tswj xyuas tus qauv thiab radar{10}} nqus cov ntaub ntawv hla txhua F-117s, txo cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb los ntawm kwv yees li 50%. Tom qab- hloov kho dua tshiab, lub sijhawm saib xyuas ib teev davhlau rau F-117 raug txiav ntau dua ib nrab, thiab cov nqi kho txhua xyoo rau tag nrho 52 F-117s tau poob los ntawm 14.5million,6.9million. Tsis zoo li F-117, F-22 zam tag nrho lub cev radar-absorbing coatings tab sis siv ferrite radar-absorbing coatings rau tag nrho cov hlau sab hauv thiab sab nraud. Cov txheej no yog ruaj, hnav-tiv taus, thiab yooj yim rau kev thov piv rau F-117's system.
Cov kws tshaj lij kwv yees tias los ntawm 2030s, cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke zoo xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob polymer electrochromic, hybrid semiconductor cov ntaub ntawv, nanocomposites, thiab cov txuj ci stealth thev naus laus zis yuav siv tau hauv dav hlau. Cov kev tsim kho tshiab no tuaj yeem hloov pauv avionics systems thiab cov txheej txheem tswj dav hlau.
Qhov chaw:Aviation Composite Materials thiab Lawv Cov Kev Ntsuas Mechanicallos ntawm Haitao Cui thiab Zhigang Sun (Eds.)